A home inspection is a visual, non-invasive evaluation of a property's condition, typically performed by an independent, licensed inspector following standards of practice like those published by InterNACHI or ASHI. It doesn't determine a home's market value the way an appraisal does — instead, it gives buyers, sellers, and homeowners an unbiased snapshot of what's working, what needs attention, and what could become expensive if ignored. Below is a breakdown of the major categories a thorough inspection checklist covers.

Roof and Attic

Inspectors assess the roof covering for active leaks, damaged or missing shingles, and general signs of age, along with gutters, downspouts, and flashing to confirm water is being directed away from the structure rather than pooling near the foundation. In the attic, they check insulation levels, ventilation, and any signs of moisture intrusion or past leaks that might not be visible from the roof surface itself.

Foundation and Structure

The foundation, basement, and crawl space get checked for cracks, settling, shifting, or moisture intrusion that could point to a structural issue. Framing, floors, walls, and ceilings are also reviewed for signs of instability, since these are often the most expensive category of problem to fix if they go unnoticed.

Exterior

On the outside of the home, an inspector typically reviews siding, exterior paint, windows, doors, the driveway, retaining walls, and any decks, porches, or patios attached to the structure. Site grading is also checked here, since improper drainage around a foundation is a leading cause of basement moisture problems.

Electrical Systems

Inspectors verify that wiring is installed safely and up to code, check the electrical panel for proper labeling and capacity, and test outlets and switches throughout the home for correct function, including GFCI protection in kitchens, bathrooms, and other required locations. Electrical issues are consistently flagged as one of the most safety-critical categories on any inspection, since problems here carry fire risk.

Plumbing

A plumbing review covers visible supply and drain lines, water pressure, and the condition of fixtures and the water heater, looking for leaks, corrosion, or signs of past water damage. Because most plumbing runs inside walls and under floors, an inspector is largely limited to what's visible and accessible — a reason some buyers pair a standard inspection with a sewer scope for older homes.

HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning)

Heating and cooling systems are tested for basic function and safety, and an inspector will typically check the age and apparent condition of the equipment, ductwork, and any visible issues with airflow or ventilation. HVAC problems are one of the more expensive repair categories buyers negotiate around, so a clear picture of system age and condition is valuable heading into a purchase.

Interior

Inside the home, inspectors look at walls, floors, ceilings, doors, and windows for damage, and check for signs of past water intrusion, pest activity, or mold. Built-in appliances are usually tested for basic operation as part of this review as well.

What's Not Included

A standard home inspection is visual only — inspectors won't cut into walls, move furniture, or test areas that are unsafe or inaccessible. Specialty concerns like radon, mold, termites, sewer line condition, and septic systems are typically offered as separate add-on inspections rather than being bundled into the standard scope, since they require different equipment or expertise.

Why the Checklist Matters

A documented inspection report gives buyers real leverage: findings can be used to negotiate repairs, request credits, or in some cases walk away from a deal if a contingency allows for it. For sellers, having a clear picture of a home's condition before listing can prevent surprises that stall a sale later. And for homeowners simply staying in place, an inspection checklist doubles as a maintenance roadmap for prioritizing repairs before small issues become expensive ones.

For a thorough, photographed home inspection covering every item on this checklist — plus specialty services like radon testing, mold inspections, and thermal imaging — DeepSeek Home Inspections serves homeowners and buyers throughout Maryland.